Although Macs are highly reliable, unusual problems can still rear their ugly heads. Often, these issues are caused by software you’ve installed or accessories you’ve connected. If you’re experiencing Mac misbehavior that isn’t easily fixed by restarting, updating software, or unplugging a dodgy device, try safe mode. (Seriously, before checking if safe mode will help with a problem, you should always restart, ensure you’re running the latest version of macOS and any involved apps, and unplug non-essential peripherals.)

Safe mode is one of macOS’s key troubleshooting tools, though many users don’t know when or how to use it. By starting up your Mac with minimal required software and services, safe mode can help identify and resolve various system issues.

How to Enter Safe Mode

The process for entering Safe Mode varies depending on whether you have a Mac with Apple silicon or an Intel-based Mac.

For Macs with Apple silicon:

1. Shut down your Mac.
2. Press and hold the power button until the startup options appear.
   
3. Select your startup disk.
4. Hold the Shift key and click Continue in Safe Mode.
5. Log in (you may need to do this twice). You’ll see “Safe Boot” in red in the menu bar on the login screen.
   

For Intel-based Macs:

1. Restart your Mac.
2. Press and hold the Shift key until you see the login window.

(If you have a firmware password, you must remove it in Recovery before starting up in safe mode.)

To verify that you’re in safe mode, click the Apple menu while holding the Option key, select System Information, and look for “Boot Mode: Safe” under Software. To exit safe mode, just restart your Mac normally.

What Safe Mode Does

When your Mac boots in safe mode, it performs several important functions designed to eliminate troubleshooting variables:

• Prevents non-essential software from loading, including third-party login items, kernel extensions, system extensions (the modern replacement for kernel extensions), and fonts not installed by macOS
• Clears some system caches, including font caches and the kernel cache

Apple also says that safe mode performs a basic check of your startup disk, but research from the community suggests that this check is no different from the one performed during a normal boot. If you suspect disk-related problems, use the First Aid feature of Disk Utility to conduct a more comprehensive (and much slower) test.

This minimal environment helps identify whether the problems are caused by software that loads during startup or by core system components. Safe mode also prevents many customizations and modifications from taking effect, making it easier to determine if third-party software is the cause of the issues.

However, the downside of using safe mode is that some macOS features may not work. According to Apple, these include “video capture, graphics performance, file sharing, Wi-Fi, accessibility, audio devices, and devices connected via USB, Thunderbolt, or FireWire.” In practice, some of these will work fine, but the main point is that you might not be able to do everything you want while in safe mode. It’s designed for troubleshooting, not regular use.

When to Use Safe Mode

Safe Mode is beneficial in several common scenarios:

• Identifying extension conflicts: If your Mac is misbehaving, booting in safe mode can help determine if third-party kernel or system extensions are the cause.
• Troubleshooting startup problems: If your Mac doesn’t start normally, safe mode might help you get in and address the issue.
• Installing updates: Although this is less necessary in recent versions of macOS, if a macOS update fails to install properly, trying again in safe mode often resolves the issue.
• Fixing update issues: Problems that appear after a macOS update—likely caused by outdated third-party software incompatible with the new version of macOS—can often be resolved by starting in safe mode.
• Performance problems: If your Mac is running slowly, safe mode can help identify whether login items or extensions are causing the issue.
• General diagnostics: Safe mode is a worthwhile initial step for diagnosing issues before attempting more complex solutions.

What Comes After Safe Mode

Once you’re in safe mode, it’s up to you to reproduce the problem you experienced earlier. Then, there are two possibilities:

• The problem persists in safe mode: While this result is not ideal, safe mode has still provided you with more troubleshooting information by eliminating third-party login items, extensions, and fonts from consideration, along with clearing certain caches. Since those aren’t the cause, try testing in a clean user account, disconnecting remaining peripherals, and reinstalling macOS.
• The problem goes away in safe mode: Great! First, restart your Mac to see if the problem has disappeared, as would be the case if it were related to corrupt caches. If the problem returns after restarting, you can narrow down the cause to third-party login items, extensions, or fonts. Remove third-party log-in items in System Settings > General > Login Items & Extensions. (We recommend taking a screenshot with Command-Shift-5 first, so you can remember how you were set up.) You can also disable extensions in System Settings > General > Login Items & Extensions by toggling their switches. Restart and test again. If that still doesn’t fix it, try testing in a clean user account to rule out any software issues tied to your main account.

The beauty of safe mode is that it’s easy to enter and entirely non-destructive. It may not help identify all possible problems, but it’s always worth trying after the simple steps of restarting your Mac, updating associated software, and unplugging non-essential peripherals.

(Featured image based on an original by iStock.com/Armastas)

Here’s a new scam to watch for. A client reported running across a suspicious website masquerading as a human verification test. Instead of asking him to click pictures or solve a math equation, this one asked him to copy some text from the page and paste it into Terminal. The text was actually an encoded script that—if pasted into Terminal and executed—would have downloaded and installed malware designed to steal user data. Infected users could lose their login password, browser history and cookies, cryptocurrency wallet information, keychain data, Notes data, and a wide variety of personal files. The moral of the story: never paste unsolicited commands into Terminal. They may seem innocuous or even unintelligible, but they’re fully capable apps that can wreak havoc on your Mac.

(Featured image by iStock.com/stevanovicigor)

Data breaches keep coming, and the latest one revealed by Cybernews involves 16 billion passwords. There’s no way to know for sure if your passwords are included, though it’s always worth checking Have I Been Pwned and paying attention to monitoring features in password managers. Some media reports claim that passwords from accounts at Apple, Facebook, and Google were leaked, but this is likely overblown. While some accounts at those companies were compromised by infostealers, there were no centralized breaches. Our advice remains the same: use a password manager to ensure that each of your accounts has a strong, unique password and turn on two-factor authentication whenever possible.

(Featured image by iStock.com/tsingha25)

Apple’s AirPlay is one of those low-level technologies that’s more capable than many people realize. In addition to allowing you to stream video and audio from an iPhone, iPad, or Mac to an Apple TV connected to a large-screen TV, AirPlay also enables you to use that TV as an external Mac display, either mirroring what’s on your Mac’s screen or extending the desktop. It even allows you to turn one Mac into a display for another.

The big win of connecting to a TV comes when you want to demo something from your Mac to a group—it’s a compelling reason to have an Apple TV-equipped screen in a conference room—or when you want to use one Mac’s display from another without the hassle of rearranging cables. In this article, we focus on these external display features, which are helpful to both individuals and businesses alike. There are three ways to use AirPlay to enable another display: mirroring the entire screen, mirroring selected apps or windows, and extending the desktop.

Set Up AirPlay to Receive Video

First, ensure that all devices have Wi-Fi turned on and are connected to the same network. If you’re using AirPlay to a Mac, note the minimum system requirements (primarily macOS 12 Monterey or later). Additionally, if you’re using your own devices, it’s best to be signed in to the same Apple Account.

Second, make sure the screen to which you want to mirror is accessible:

• On an Apple TV, the settings are likely already enabled; however, if not, navigate to Settings > AirPlay and HomeKit and turn on AirPlay. You can also set who can gain access (everyone, anyone on the same network, or only people sharing this home) and require a password. For an office environment, you can turn the Apple TV into a conference room display that provides connection instructions with the screen saver, requires a PIN, and allows you to set a custom message and background photo. Also, note the AirPlay Display Underscan option, which you can turn on to reduce the chance of the screen being cropped or turn off to eliminate black bars. Auto tries to choose for you—in our testing, cropping was sometimes unavoidable.
  

• On a Mac, go to System Settings > General > AirDrop & Handoff and turn on AirPlay Receiver. The “Allow AirPlay for” menu lets you specify who can access it, and you can require a password.
  

Mirror Your Mac’s Screen

Apple’s recommended method for mirroring your screen is to open Control Center by clicking its icon at the right side of the menu bar, click Screen Mirroring, and select the desired Apple TV or Mac from the list. Once you do that, your Mac’s screen will appear on the external display.

However, it may not display at a usable resolution. You control the resolution in System Settings > Displays, and you can jump there by clicking Display Settings in either of the two rightmost windows shown above. In the Displays settings screen, from the Optimize For pop-up menu, choose either your Mac or the external display. If you choose the external display, you can select from all available resolutions.

If you’re mirroring to a Mac with multiple displays, a small, dark lozenge in the upper-left corner of the destination screen provides a menu from which you can choose which display to use.

Mirror Selected Apps or Windows

Mirroring your entire desktop is often overkill when all you want to share with the group is one or two windows. As of macOS 15.2 Sequoia, that’s now possible. An added benefit is that you don’t have to worry about others seeing your messy desktop or potentially sensitive information in other windows.

To mirror one window or all the windows in an app, open Control Center, click Screen Mirroring, select the destination display, and then click Change or Choose Content. In the dialog that appears, select Window or App and click Choose Window or App.

Then select the desired window and click either Mirror This Window or Mirror All Application Windows.

You’re not limited to windows from a single app. You can add additional windows by clicking the purple Screen Mirroring menu in the menu bar, clicking Add Windows, and selecting another window. (If you want to stop mirroring one and start mirroring another, select the current window to see a Stop Mirroring This Window button.)

Extend Your Mac’s Desktop

Mirroring is useful for presentations or working with a group, but if you instead want to boost your productivity with additional screen real estate, you can opt to extend your Mac’s desktop to another Mac or TV.

To do so, open Control Center, click Screen Mirroring, select the destination display, click Change, and in the dialog that appears, select Extended Display and click Extend Display.

This option often requires additional configuration to get everything looking the way you want. Open System Settings > Displays and click the second display. First, you may want to select a different resolution to see more or less content on the second display. Clicking Show All Resolutions expands the list, but many of the additional resolutions won’t be ideal. Unfortunately, some desirable resolutions are marked with a “low resolution” tag—they’ll be fuzzier than ideal.

Once you have your desired resolution, you need to arrange the screens appropriately. It’s usually best to match the real-world positioning, so if your second display sits to the left of your Mac, move its representation there so dragging windows and other items on the extended desktop works as you expect. Click the Arrange button, drag the second display into the desired location, and click Done.

Regular Use and Stopping Mirroring

Although it’s simple to start mirroring or extending your desktop and to switch among the various modes, you’ll probably use one of the modes most of the time. The good news is that macOS remembers your previous choice, so if you mirror your entire screen or extend your desktop, clicking Screen Mirroring in Control Center will default to that option the next time you invoke it. Mirroring windows always requires that you pick the window to share.

Regardless of how you’re mirroring your screen, you can stop by clicking Stop Mirroring in the purple Screen Mirroring menu in the menu bar. Alternatively, open Control Center, click Screen Mirroring, and click Stop Mirroring. Or click the Disconnect button in Displays.

On the remote Mac, that small, dark lozenge also provides an X button that ends screen mirroring when clicked from the remote Mac. Turning off the remote Apple TV also works.

Using AirPlay to mirror or extend your Mac’s display to another Mac or TV may not be something that you use on an everyday basis, but it’s a big win when you need to share content with a group, do a presentation, or ramp up your productivity without rearranging cables.

(Featured image by iStock.com/Ratchapon Supprasert)

It’s only safe to share your iPhone, iPad, and Mac passcodes and passwords with people you trust completely, which typically includes family members whom you would trust with your healthcare and bank accounts. If those people also use your devices regularly, you can simplify their access by adding their fingerprint to Touch ID or their face to Face ID. Touch ID allows you to add up to five fingerprints, while Face ID provides an option for a second face. Both can be easily set up in Settings > Face/Touch ID & Passcode (iPhone and iPad) and System Settings > Touch ID & Password (Mac).

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(Featured image by iStock.com/Giulio Fornasar)

We recommend sticking with well-known brands when buying accessories, and a recent example illustrates why this is important. Anker, a highly regarded accessory manufacturer, has initiated voluntary recalls of power bank models sold from 2016 to the present due to the risk of overheating, melting, smoke, and fire. In mid-June, the company recalled 1.1 million PowerCore 10000 power banks; it has now issued another recall for more recent models of its Power Bank, MagGo Power Bank, and Zolo Power Bank. If you own one of these products—even if it’s working fine—go to Anker’s product recalls page for more information and a serial number checker. If your power bank is affected, stop using it immediately and contact your municipal household hazardous waste collection center for disposal guidance—neither the trash nor standard recycling boxes at retail stores are acceptable. Anker will give you a free replacement or a gift card for use on the Anker website.

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(Featured image by iStock.com/Pradit_Ph)

Social Media: Anker has issued major recalls for six power bank models due to fire risk. If you own an Anker power bank, check if yours is affected, even if it seems to be working fine. The company is offering free replacements or gift cards.

If you own a smart TV or are shopping for a new one, you should be aware of a troubling trend: modern TVs have evolved from simple screens into sophisticated surveillance devices. You can protect your privacy by using an Apple TV as your streaming device rather than relying on built-in smart TV features.

If you have an older non-smart TV that meets your needs, you’re in luck—an Apple TV provides streaming capabilities while avoiding the privacy concerns that plague modern TVs. For everyone else, here’s what you need to know about how TV manufacturers are monetizing your viewing habits and how an Apple TV protects you.

Data Mining: How TV Makers Profit from Your Viewing Habits

Arguably, the longevity of large-screen TVs has contributed to this trend. In the past, TV manufacturers focused on selling as many TVs as possible. Consumers see less need to upgrade when a modern 55-inch TV offers little beyond what a 15-year-old TV of the same size can provide. Sure, it might be a bit brighter, have better color accuracy, or provide higher refresh rates, but for most people watching streaming video in a dark room, such changes aren’t very noticeable.

In response, TV manufacturers have lowered prices to boost sales and turned to alternative revenue streams, including collecting and selling viewer data and displaying ads. Data can be sold to companies like Nielsen, a data and marketing measurement firm, and leveraged to provide advertisers with targeted audiences. Smart TV ad revenue is estimated to reach $46 billion worldwide this year, up 20% after another 20% increase in 2024. These ads appear on the smart TV’s home screen and in free, ad-supported streaming channels.

TV manufacturers track viewing habits using a technology called automatic content recognition (ACR). Software loaded on the smart TV captures frame-by-frame screenshots of content, creates a fingerprint for each frame, and then matches the fingerprint against an online database to determine what you’re watching. It works with all types of viewing, from standard TV to gaming. Since that data is tied to your specific household, companies can create audience segments and either use it for their own advertising or sell it to third parties. One analyst suggests you’re worth about $20 per year.

Wait, it gets worse! Many smart TVs feature microphones to enable voice commands, and some also include cameras to support video calling capabilities. Manufacturers can use captured audio and video to monitor viewer engagement—are you actually watching the show, or is it just playing in the background? That data also feeds into the profile that the TV manufacturers maintain about you.

If all this feels creepy to you, you’re not alone. Most annoyingly, apart from the opportunity to buy a cheap TV, there’s essentially no ongoing benefit to you in having your viewing habits packaged and resold. At most, you might get to ignore slightly more targeted ads.

Protect Your Viewing Privacy with an Apple TV

If you currently have a smart TV or are looking to replace an older TV, there’s an easy solution: use an Apple TV instead of the smart TV’s built-in apps or a similarly problematic media streaming box from the likes of Amazon, Google, and Roku. Although Apple isn’t perfect when it comes to privacy, the Apple TV provides a complete streaming solution that doesn’t share your viewing data with advertisers and data brokers. Here’s how:

• No ACR tracking: Apple has confirmed that the Apple TV doesn’t use ACR at all.
• No built-in advertising: Unlike Roku OS and Samsung’s webOS, the Apple TV doesn’t display ads on the home screen or in the screensaver.
• Privacy-first setup process: During setup, you’re given the opportunity to disable Siri, location services, and analytics.
• Limited data collection: Even when you do allow Apple to collect data, it’s done in ways that guarantee anonymity and used only in aggregate. No personal information is ever shared with Apple.
• Strong third-party app tracking controls: tvOS apps must ask for permission to track you, just like iOS apps. You can (and should) always reject such requests or prevent them from asking at all by going to Settings > Privacy > Tracking > Allow Apps to Request to Track.

Even with an Apple TV, you’ll need to take a few additional steps to protect your privacy since smart TVs can still track content playing through HDMI connections:

• Disable ACR tracking: Turn off ACR in your TV’s settings to prevent it from analyzing what you’re watching. This setting can be tricky to find since TV manufacturers deliberately make it difficult and use different names. Consumer Reports provides instructions for many TV models and streaming media devices.
• Consider blocking Internet access: For maximum privacy, you can prevent your TV from connecting to your Wi-Fi network and accessing the Internet, though this comes with trade-offs. While it ensures that no data leaves your TV, you’ll miss out on bug fixes, security updates, and certain features like picture calibration. You may also encounter connection error messages, and some TVs require occasional Internet connectivity for validation purposes. You may have to connect periodically to keep it working.

By turning off ACR, disconnecting the smart TV from the Internet, and using an Apple TV instead of a smart TV’s built-in apps or other streaming devices, you can enjoy your favorite shows without feeling like you’re being watched.

(Featured image by Apple)

iOS’s Photo Shuffle wallpaper does a great job of identifying attractive photos for your Lock Screen. However, if you’re like us, you’ll sometimes wonder when or where you took a Lock Screen photo. Here’s how to figure that out. Touch and hold the Lock Screen when it’s displaying the photo in question, tap Customize, tap the Lock Screen wallpaper, tap the ••• button in the lower-right corner, and tap Show Photo in Library. Then you can swipe up to reveal more information about the photo, swipe left and right to see the photos on either side, or pinch to see it in the context of your entire photo library.

(Featured image by Apple)

Questions about AI from our clients keep coming in, with many asking which tools to choose. It’s understandable confusion—the number of AI chatbots has skyrocketed, and lesser-known ones are often highlighted or promoted on social media as the next big thing. The rapid pace of change in the field can be overwhelming, with major announcements happening every month.

For those who don’t want to spend time getting to know all the different AI tools, here’s our advice on the best options right now. This isn’t an area to go for an underdog—if you want to get serious work done, stick with one of the major systems. That means choosing from these five, which make up about 90% of the market:

• ChatGPT from OpenAI
• Gemini from Google
• Claude from Anthropic
• Copilot from Microsoft
• Perplexity from Perplexity AI

That’s roughly the order in which we recommend you choose, although there are particular areas where one outperforms the others. Realistically, though, you’ll be fine with any of them, so the decision may come down to which feels the best during your interactions on the Web and through the system’s mobile app.

Although you can test all five chatbots for free, you’ll get much better results if you pay for an account to unlock unlimited access to all models and features. The free accounts use older, less advanced models and will cut you off if you try to use them too much in a day. All these chatbots cost $20 per month, other than the full version of Microsoft 365 Copilot, which is $30 per month and requires an annual commitment.

Let’s explore different usage scenarios that could make one chatbot a better fit for your needs.

General Purpose Usage: ChatGPT and Gemini

If you’re unsure about what you want to do with a chatbot but want to explore all options, the best overall choice is ChatGPT, with Gemini as a close runner-up. Both excel at generating text and images, can include content from real-time Web searches in their responses, offer a voice mode that lets you speak and hear responses, provide a choice between fast and advanced models, and can conduct in-depth research.

Writing and Editing: ChatGPT and Claude

ChatGPT is regarded by many as the top choice for writing, thanks to its fluency across different styles. It provides excellent rewriting and summarizing capabilities, and its GPT-4.1 model is currently the favored option in the AI-enhanced Lex word processor, which merits honorable mention for those who do a lot of writing. Claude also performs well with writing, especially when you’re interested in a deep understanding of structure, tone, and intent. If your writing mostly happens in Microsoft Word and Outlook, the Copilot add-on offers useful integration. Likewise, if you live in Google Docs, you might prefer Gemini for its integration.

Research and Current Information: Perplexity and ChatGPT

Many people think of—and interact with—chatbots as souped-up search engines. That’s not entirely helpful because chatbots can do vastly more than search the Web, but incorporating current information from the Web is essential for many tasks. Although most chatbots can now access the Web, you’ll get the best results from Perplexity and ChatGPT, with Gemini being a close second. Claude had the weakest search in our experience.

Image and Video Generation: ChatGPT

ChatGPT shines here as the front end for OpenAI’s DALL-E 3. What makes it stand out from most other chatbots is its prompt understanding—how well it translates your request into a desired image—and its ability to do “inpainting.” Before DALL-E 3, most artbots refined images by changing the prompt and starting over each time, which often led to frustrating results when all you wanted was a specific change. With inpainting, you can ask ChatGPT to modify an image—such as changing a person’s hair color—without affecting the rest of the picture. Although generating videos with a chatbot is mostly a gimmick right now, using Sora through ChatGPT will also provide the best results.

Voice Mode: ChatGPT and Gemini

One of the most impressive tricks of chatbots is their ability to engage in natural conversations with you about nearly any topic. ChatGPT’s Voice Mode is generally regarded as the best, and its speech can be highly realistic, down to pauses, occasional “um” insertions, and varied inflection. Gemini is also good, and both are noticeably better than Claude at this time. When you use voice mode in the chatbot’s iPhone app, you can turn on the camera and ask it questions about what it sees.

Coding and Data Analysis: Claude and ChatGPT

Here’s where Claude takes top honors. Many developers say that Claude does the best job of helping you write code, providing a nuanced understanding of existing code and top-notch capabilities for solving complex coding problems. ChatGPT also performs well with coding if your needs tend more toward smaller and more specialized development environments like AppleScript, shell scripts, and Shortcuts.

Deep Research: Perplexity, ChatGPT, and Gemini

Most chatbot responses are quick and relatively brief, but if you want a much more detailed answer on a topic, enable a “deep research” option. That causes the chatbot to break the task into smaller steps, perform each one in order, and assemble the result into a detailed report. It might take 10–15 minutes or longer. Perplexity, ChatGPT, and Gemini are the top tools in this area and are worth trying for a range of possibilities, from gift ideas and travel plans to background information on home projects.

Choosing Your AI Assistant

If you’re just getting started with AI chatbots, we recommend beginning with ChatGPT. It’s the most well-rounded option, excelling in most categories and providing a solid foundation for exploring what AI can do for you. It’s also easy to start with Perplexity even without subscribing to the Pro plan, especially if you want to use the chatbot primarily as a research assistant. Gemini and Microsoft Copilot may be better options if you’re heavily invested in the Google or Microsoft ecosystems, though Copilot costs more than the others. Claude isn’t quite as consumer-focused as the others, but it may be your best option if you plan to do extensive coding and data analysis.

Keep in mind that these tools are advancing rapidly, with new features and capabilities emerging on a monthly basis. The best approach is to choose one that feels comfortable and learn how to use it well, rather than constantly switching between options. All are quite capable, and the differences are often less important than your familiarity with their particular quirks and capabilities.

(Featured image by Adam Engst)

Since ChatGPT launched in late 2022, people have been using AI chatbots to brainstorm, speed up research, draft content, summarize lengthy documents, analyze data, assist with writing and debugging code, and translate text into other languages. Recently, the major chatbots have gained Web search capabilities, allowing them to access live information beyond their training model data.

Using a chatbot effectively requires new approaches to thinking and working, especially when it comes to searching for information. Just as with a human assistant, you need to play to their strengths when figuring out the best ways to get the results you want. Incorporate these tips into your chatbot conversations, and you’ll see significantly better outcomes.

1. Be specific and complete: Decades of search engine use push us toward short, focused search phrases with keywords that will appear in the results. In contrast, chatbots thrive on specificity and detail. For instance, prompting a chatbot with “iCloud photos syncing” won’t generate nearly as useful a response as “Tell me what might prevent iCloud from syncing photos between my Mac and iPhone.” Also, don’t shy away from negative prompting—tell the chatbot what not to include or consider in its response. You can even be specific about formatting the output as a bullet list, table, or graph.
   
2. Every prompt is a conversation: We are accustomed to standalone searches, where, if the search fails, you must start over. You’ll achieve much better results with chatbots if you consider everything a conversation. Even responses to specific, detailed prompts may not fully address your question or could lead you to think of additional ones. Ask follow-up questions, clarify what you want to find out or accomplish, provide feedback, or redirect the conversation as needed. (For the ultimate chatbot conversational experience, try voice mode in the ChatGPT or Claude apps, where they talk back to you. It’s excellent for capturing ideas, refining your thinking, or just doing a brain dump.)
3. Edit your last prompt: If the most recent response from a chatbot is entirely unsatisfactory, you may have better luck editing and resubmitting it rather than informing the chatbot that it has made a mistake. There’s usually an edit link or pencil button that appears when you hover over it.
   
4. Context can help: Most chatbots maintain libraries of previous conversations, allowing you to search through them to find old ones easily. Because chatbot responses improve with more context, it can be helpful to return to one of those conversations when you want to explore that topic further. Similarly, if you’re asking a chatbot to create something similar to something you’ve already done, provide the previous work as an example.
5. Ask it to role-play: Another way to increase context is to ask the chatbot to “act as” a particular type of professional, such as an editor, coach, marketer, or software developer. In essence, you’re asking the chatbot to respond in the context of a certain role. Conversely, it can be helpful to ask it to tailor its response as if you were a high school student, someone with a basic understanding of the topic, or an expert in the field.
6. Know when to start over: Although context is key, chatbots have a limited memory, so long conversations can overwhelm what’s called the “context window.” If you notice the chatbot hallucinating, starting to repeat itself, or going off into the weeds, try saying, “Please summarize what we’ve discussed in a prompt I can use to continue working on this topic.” Then, copy that prompt into a new chat before continuing the conversation.
7. Force Web searches as necessary: Most chatbots make it explicit when they are searching the Web, which means you can also tell when they aren’t searching and are thus relying on potentially outdated training data. If you want to ensure that you’re getting the latest information, tweak your prompt to start with something like “Search for…”
8. Test its limits: Since every chatbot response is based on just what you say in the prompt, it won’t necessarily go as deep as you would like. Try asking it to critique its own output, generate multiple options, or present the best argument for different perspectives. You can even request it to be more cautious or more creative. It’s fine to challenge a chatbot in ways that would be socially inappropriate with another person.
9. Save and reuse effective prompts: When you identify prompts that work particularly well for recurring tasks—such as generating meeting summaries, analyzing data, or drafting specific types of content—save them for reuse so you don’t have to start over each time.
10. Don’t believe everything you read on the Internet. While chatbots are incredibly confident and often truly astonishing in what they can produce, it’s your responsibility to verify important facts and details (just as with human-created information, which isn’t necessarily any more trustworthy). The statistical models they use can lead to completely fabricated information. Although this is less true with Web searches, even there, they can combine information in ways that simply aren’t accurate.
11. Try deep research: Bonus tip! Many chatbots offer a so-called deep research mode, which allows the chatbot to go off for 5 or 10 minutes to gather information, analyze it over multiple steps, and produce a much more comprehensive response. Deep research is too slow for a conversation, but it can provide a good foundation when you’re exploring a new topic that requires a lot of detail.

While AI chatbots are powerful tools, they work best when you think of them as collaborative partners rather than magical solutions. The key is experimentation—try different approaches, refine your prompting style, and don’t hesitate to push the limits of what they can do. Start with these fundamentals, but remember that becoming proficient is an ongoing process.

(Featured image by iStock.com/Memorystockphoto)